SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, exert protective effects on kidney diseases through the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, primarily via the activation of G protein-coupled receptors, leading to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, lowered oxidative stress markers, thereby improved renal function ( Table 1 ) [89]
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.,Singh DubeyR,PaulJTewariVThe soft skills gap: A bottleneck in the talent supply in emerging economies.2022;33(13):26302661 34
The primary adverse events related to semaglutide and tirzepatide are transient gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, and constipation