In an environment characterized by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the presence of oxLDL further increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor , interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-1) and the expression of adhesion molecules (including vascular cell adhesion protein [VCAM]-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1, intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1 and E-selectin) by monocytes and macrophages ( GLP-1 receptor stimulation appears to attenuate these processes in preclinical models and human studies in various ways
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