Rather than acting like a hormone, GHK-Cu functions as a cell-communication peptide , influencing gene-expression patterns involved in skin remodeling , extracellular matrix maintenance, and overall skin-repair processes
Initial assessment should include: Detailed medical and sexual history, including medication review Cardiovascular risk assessment (e.g., QRISK3 score) Examination of external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics Blood pressure measurement Blood tests: fasting glucose or HbA1c, lipid profile, early morning (before 11am) total testosterone (repeat if low), consider prolactin and thyroid function if clinically indicated First-line pharmacological treatment: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are the mainstay of ED treatment and include sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and avanafil
Pharmacol Rev 62:155198
Chitosan (CS, low molecular weight, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP, Na 5 P 3 O 10 , assay: 94%, Qualikems, India), GSH (C 10 H 17 N 3 O 6 S, assay: 95%, AKSCI, USA), and acetic acid (C 2 H 4 O 2 , assay: 99%, Alpha Chemicals, Cairo, Egypt)
