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Abbreviations ADA: American Diabetes Association ADVANCE: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation AHA: American Heart Association ASCVD: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease A1C/HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) ARB: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ACE-I: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor BNP: B-type Natriuretic Peptide CBC: Complete Blood Count CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease CVD: Cardiovascular Disease DKA: Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKD: Diabetic Kidney Disease DM: Diabetes Mellitus DPP-4: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 eGFR: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ESC: European Society of Cardiology ESRD: End-Stage Renal Disease FPG: Fasting Plasma Glucose GB: Gallbladder GLP-1 RAs: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists GIT: Gastrointestinal Tract HCP: Healthcare Provider HF: Heart Failure HFmrEF: Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction HFpEF: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction HFrEF: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction IDF: International Diabetes Federation IU: International Unit LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol MAFLD: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NPH: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn OHA: Oral Hypoglycemic Agent PCSK9: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 PPG: Postprandial Glucose RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System SCORE2: Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2 SMPG: Self-Monitored Plasma Glucose SGLT2: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 SU: Sulfonylurea T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus TDD: Total Daily Dose TOD: Target-Organ Damage TZDs: Thiazolidinediones UACR: Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio References Kharroubi AT, Darwish HM

GPx is an antioxidant enzyme capable of destroying peroxides produced by SOD-mediated dismutation of superoxide anions

REFERENCES Online Study Assessment Option All readers who are qualified doctors or allied medical professionals can automatically receive 2 Continuing Professional Development points plus a Study Completion Certificate from GLOWM for successfully answering four multiple-choice questions (randomly selected) based on the study of this chapter

[10] Lipo-B (MIC) injections are generally well tolerated in most individuals