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Common Side Effects When side effects occurred, they were typically mild, transient, and similar in frequency to placebo groups: Reported Adverse Effects Most Common (occurring in small percentage of participants): Mild to moderate headaches (most frequently reported, often resolving with continued use) Injection site reactions (minor redness, swelling, or irritation at injection site) Gastrointestinal effects (particularly at higher oral doses: mild nausea, diarrhea, flatulence) Fatigue (reported occasionally during initial adaptation period) Rare Events: One case of chest tightness was deemed possibly related to treatment in safety trials

4.13 Pathway enrichment analysis using STRING Upregulated and downregulated protein lists from each treatment condition versus untreated control were exported to the STRING database ( for functional enrichment analysis and PPI network, using the k-means clustering method

Choline is also a key precursor in the production of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter which regulates the forming of memories, recall of information, the ability to focus, verbal reasoning, and some math skills

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