Together, these proteomic data are consistent with a model in which 6-month-old PCS is associated with persistent mitochondrial dysfunction (impaired OXPHOS enzyme recovery), chronic oxidative stress (sustained antioxidant protein upregulation), proteotoxic and ER stress activation (upregulated chaperones, UPR mediators), and glycolytic compensation (upregulated glycolytic enzymes)
While they may contribute to general wellness, they often fall short in helping the body bounce back efficiently from strain, wear, or biomechanical stress
PLoS ONE 10:e0133382 Arora R, Azzalin CM (2015) Telomere elongation chooses TERRA ALTernatives
Shortly after the original identification, the copper-binding role was established, and the conceptual framing shifted toward GHK as a copper-delivery peptide whose proliferation-supporting activity in the original assays reflected the role of copper in cellular biology rather than a direct growth-factor signaling activity in the classical sense
