Here's a quick breakdown, per ingredient, of what we mean: Sabroxy Oroxylum indicum bark extract: Notable offers 500mg when, upon closer examination of prominent, successful studies in humans, the clinically relevant dose is 500mg twice daily (for a daily total of 1,000mg).112 enXtra Alpinia galanga extract: Notable delivers 300mg, the low end of a clinical range running from 300mg up to 500mg in studies.113 114 Polygala tenuifolia root extract: Limited human studies support a 300mg dose, three times the 100mg delivered here.115 L-Theanine: 100mg is on the low end of a typical 100-200mg dose, but it should still be effective at mitigating stress toward improved focus.116 Ginkog biloba extract: There is a lot of conflicting research here, but most studies rely on higher doses than the paltry 80mg seen here, typically between 120mg and 240mg.117 So, out of five ingredients, two are delivered at the low end of potentially effective doses, while the other three are underdosed by as much as 66% compared to effective amounts used in clinical studies
Toxicol Pathol 31:471479 Gupta S, Natarajan R, Payne SG, Studer EJ, Spiegel S, Dent P, Hylemon PB (2004) Deoxycholic acid activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway via FAS receptor activation in primary hepatocytes
Vitamin C supplementation improved semen parameters in a small study, and vitamin E has been associated with improvements in oxidative stress-related infertility in some studies
"GHK-Cu is the same as any copper peptide" It is not
