The high level of health complications among study patients may exacerbate the risk of known negative health outcomes, including poor glycemic control [28], hypoglycemic events [29, 30], syncope [30], poor quality of life [31, 32], need for inpatient care [30], and death [30, 33], highlighting that more effective T2DM treatments, not just more treatments, are needed
Research has also explored its potential application in conditions of abnormal melanin distribution such as vitiligo
For example, the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain may modulate intestinal immune cells to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines (Li et al., 2020), whereas Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 may exert direct effects on the central nervous system via the vagus nerve to enhance the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as -aminobutyric acid (Bercik et al., 2011)
Norepinephrine, on the other hand, is linked to alertness and arousal, further influencing attention and response actions