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Patients with arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, or hypertension need close monitoring

Initially, main concerns were receptor-activating activity while recently, downstream effects of GLP-1R and GIPR have been more and more revealed that not only receptor activation promotes cAMP and stimulates insulin releasing, but also other factors (-arrestin recruitment, residence time, etc.) influence receptor internalization, which further elicits long-term effects in vivo

Although both exenatide and liraglutide are GLP-1R agonists, their structural and pharmacokinetic differences may result in distinct biological effects [40]

However, side effects can vary depending on the individual, dosage and reason for treatment