When you take B12 orally, it has to survive your digestive system, and only a fraction of it may actually reach your bloodstream
GPx-1 is the cytosolic isoform that is expressed in most tissues, although there are other isoforms with tissue-specific distribution.5 There are numerous studies on the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in the thyroid gland, adipocytes, and orbital muscle cells,6 plasma, erythrocytes,5,7,8 or urine9 of patients with Graves disease, but the expression of antioxidant enzymes or the redox status in PBMC has not been evaluated
For patients with obesity and comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea), referral to obesity medicine specialists or registered dietitians is appropriate for comprehensive management
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 66.Chan J.M., Stampfer M.J., Giovannucci E., Gann P.H., Ma J., Wilkinson P., Hennekens C.H., Pollak M