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Glutamate and Neuroinflammation In fact, research is increasingly suggesting that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamate excitotoxicity are intrinsically linked in a range of neuroinflammatory conditions (Coyle and Puttfarcken, 1993) presenting as various symptom complexes Thus, two broad mechanismsoxidative stress and excessive activation of glutamate receptorsare converging and represent sequential as well as interacting processes that provide a final common pathway for cell vulnerability in the brain

The MRS scans revealed similar increases in the thalamus, a region of the brain involved in information processing and a key player in schizophrenia

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Opioids, such as heroin, primarily target the brains reward system and induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular complications