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Abbreviations ABC ATP-binding cassette ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GSIS glucose-stimulated insulin secretion HDL high-density lipoprotein HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol H&E Hematoxylin and eosin IHC immunohistochemical IP immunoprecipitation LDL low-density lipoprotein LSG laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy LXR liver X receptor OGTT oral glucose tolerance test PARP poly ADP-ribose polymerase RCT reverse cholesterol transport RYGB Roux-en-Y gastric bypass STZ streptozotocin TC total cholesterol TG total triglyceride T2DM type 2 diabetes

Continuous variables were expressed as mean SD and categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage

Significant weight loss typically becomes measurable between weeks 8 and 12

For hydrophilic drugs entrapped in the aqueous core, preventing leakage during separation is paramount