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reported an observational comparative study that compared nerve excitability in patients with type 2 DM who received exenatide (n=32), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (n=31), or a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor (n=27) (59)

By binding to GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus, they reduce appetite and promote satiety, leading to significant weight reduction in clinical trialswith newer agents achieving approximately 15% weight loss in obesity without diabetes (semaglutide) and up to 21% (tirzepatide), with somewhat lower reductions typically seen in patients with type 2 diabetes

That ladder is the reason titration is not optional

It is known that OH or O 2 can oxidize both luminol and lucigenin (Shivakumar and Kumar 2018)