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Mitochondrial glutamate generated via these catabolic pathways can be exported from mitochondria to the cytosol through the SLC25A18 and SLC25A22 transporters 21 , and cytosolic glutamate then participates in the biosynthesis of glutathionea tripeptide comprising glutamate, cysteine, and glycineand NEAAs (alanine, proline, aspartate, asparagine, and arginine) and is used as an exchange factor for importing extracellular cystine via SLC7A11

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Arbutin is less effective than kojic acid for hyperpigmentation

Exposure to ultraviolet light can trigger melanocytes in the skin to produce melanin, leading to an increased amount of pigment in the skin and an overall darker complexion as well as the potential development of sun spots, dark spots, and melasma