Materials and methods Experimental methods Fasting blood samples were collected from fifty non-diabetic subjects and fifty-four diabetic patients at baseline and at follow-up visits after 4 and 8 weeks of anti-diabetic treatment, as described previously in Acharya et al
Drug exposure The study cohort consisted of new users of GLP-1RAs (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide or semaglutide), SGLT2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin), metformin and other second- or third-line glucose-lowering drugs (thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, -glucosidase inhibitors, insulin or a combination of glucose-lowering drugs)
Synbiotics have been demonstrated to reduce FPG levels and improve IS, IR, CRP, and total testosterone levels, leading to enhanced glucose homeostasis, hormonal balance, and inflammatory markers in women with PCOS (46)
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