Long-term use of acid-suppressing medications carries significant risks, including nutritional deficiencies (particularly vitamin B12, magnesium, iron, and zinc), an increased risk of Helicobacter pylori infection, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), and stomach ulcers
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Whilst all approved sitesabdomen, thigh, and upper armdeliver equivalent medication exposure, proper site selection and rotation prevent tissue damage, maintain consistent absorption, and reduce discomfort
Realizing the potential of these multi-target agents will depend on sustained interdisciplinary collaboration to bridge laboratory findings and clinical applications