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When administered intravenously, the cytolytic peptides in melittin target all lipid membranes, leading to systemic toxicity ( 4.1 Different sources of melittin While BV from honeybees is the primary source of melittin, it is also found in various other species, including certain insects, bacteria, amphibians, and reptiles ( Figure 5 ) ( Figure 5 4.2 Various pharmacological properties of melittin Melittin exhibits various pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, antimicrobial (anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, antiviral, antibacterial), antiarthritic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities ( + , leading to apoptosis ( Melittin has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various pathogens ( Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, particularly in plasmid isolates carrying the melittin gene ( In vivo studies have shown that Melittin administration reduces TNF- and IL-1 levels, as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells in mouse skin following a Dermatobacillus acne injection ( Melittin-loaded nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to destroy the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) without harming nearby healthy cells ( Melittin has been demonstrated to enhance insulin synthesis by reducing the inflammatory response of the pancreatic islets ( + channels, allowing calcium ions to enter more easily and triggering B-cells to produce insulin ( 2 expression, as well as a lower level of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, ROS, and NO
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NG28 Type 2 diabetes in adults: visual summary Choosing medicines for first-line and further treatment
