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It has shown significant promise as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes (T2D) and excessive body weight, resulting in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approving its use against both conditions in May 2022 for T2D and November 2023 for obesity

In Advances in Applied Microbiology 115:65113

Native human IGF-1 is a 70-amino-acid single-chain polypeptide that activates the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase, driving downstream PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling linked to cell growth and protein synthesis

Autoimmune diseases such as pernicious anemia also disrupt normal absorption processes, requiring tailored dosing schedules to ensure consistent benefits from B12 shots