This formulation protected probiotics from gastric stress, enabled controlled intestinal release, improved colonic delivery, restored mucus secretion, reinforced tight junctions (occludin, ZO-1), and enriched beneficial bacteria (genus Lacticaseibacillus , species L
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Nasal spray peptides offer another non-injection route for certain compounds
The pharmacological activities of SIN, which include immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, are responsible for the significant therapeutic efficacy of SIN in the treatment of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, sciatic neuritis, and lumbalgia (4, 5, 7)