Beyond pancreatic effects, GLP-1R agonists exert widespread extra-pancreatic benefits, attributed to the extensive distribution of GLP-1R in different organs, including gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver, skeletal and smooth muscle, neural tract, adipose tissue, and the cardiovascular system, where they are expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, cardiomyocytes, and different inflammatory cells [20], underpinning the synthetic GLP-1 and GLP-1RAs associated cardiovascular benefits observed in clinics [21]
1 Summary overview
Both are used in tissue-repair research but through different pathways
Therefore, studying the impact of glucose metabolism disorders and energy conversion disorders on dopamine homeostasis may bring new progress in exploring the etiology of PD