Elderly Patients Older adults often have reduced stomach acid or atrophic gastritis, leading to poor B12 absorption
Dysfunctional regulatory factors such as mucins, antimicrobial molecules, cytokines, and immunoglobulins (Igs) are often responsible for impaired barrier integrity that may lead to, or exacerbate, inflammatory diseases including type-1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), IBD, and coeliac disease (CD) (Fasano and Shea-Donohue 2005
Regulatory cell death modalities include classical apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, with ferroptosis as a novel regulatory cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is regulated by intracellular iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, the GSH/GPX4 repair system, coenzyme Q10, and other genes 26,27,28,29
Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs