In CKD, uremic toxin accumulation (e.g., indoxyl sulfate, acrolein), impaired antioxidant defense systems, and persistent inflammation collectively promote excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupt erythrocyte membrane integrity, activate Ca 2+ -permeable cation channels, and trigger downstream eryptotic events (e.g., phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, cell shrinkage, and cytoskeleton degradation) (Bissinger et al., 2019)
10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.013 Schizophr
These conditions include tropical sprue, and nontropical sprue (idiopathic steatorrhea, gluten-induced enteropathy)
It enhances repair processes by promoting angiogenesis (partly through VEGF upregulation), reducing inflammation, and mobilizing progenitor cells