If suspected, it is appropriate to manage with broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as metronidazole (10 to 15 mg/kg, every 12 hours, PO) or amoxicillin (10 mg/kg, every 12 hours, PO) for an extended duration such as 21 to 28 days
Free radicals play critical role in generating oxidative stress, which oxidizes dopamine to dopamine quinone and superoxide anion and decreases the NADPH and dopamine metabolized by MOA that produces the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, ammonia, and H 2 O 2 , which in turn interacts with Fe ++ to generates the OH free radicals that kill neurons in PD [61, 62]
Antioxidative and prooxidative effects of quercetin on A549 cells
Additionally, many of the current concussion studies in pediatrics 14,15,16,17,18 use a healthy control group perhaps biasing metabolite effects towards representing general injury alterations for example due to pain, rather than concussion specifically