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The GIR increased from 3.21 to 5.16 mg min1 kg1 (p 3 major US claims databases (Medicare, Optum, MarketScan

In the primary healthcare setting, the most commonly seen causes of vitamin B12 deficiency are related to abnormalities of digestion (atrophic gastritis, achlorhydria or the consequences of gastrectomy) or absorption (autoimmune pernicious anaemia, chronic pancreatitis, Crohns disease, the effect of medications that alter the mucosa of the ileum, or the consequences of surgical resection), and, to a lesser extent, a lack of exogenous supply

Studies have long shown that people with lower levels of Akkermansia in their gut are more likely to experience obesity and metabolic issues, while higher levels tend to be linked with better metabolic health [2]

Diabetes Care 40:S64-S74 Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB et al (2012) Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach