After the administration of l-carnitine, we found that the high- and low-dose l-carnitine groups also exhibited significantly improved sperm motility rates, sperm counts and sperm abnormality rates in a hypoxic environment, and the high-dose group also improved the percentage of forward movement in sperm
The complicated ROS elimination system comprises endogenous antioxidant enzymes, mainly including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as low-molecular-weight scavengers, including vitamins, -carotene, coenzyme Q, selenium and zinc
Neurogenic inflammation Neurogenic inflammation involves the enhanced release of proinflammatory neuropeptides (such as substance P) from sensory and/or sympathetic nerves, which can lead to persistent afferent nerve sensitization and local inflammatory changes
Recently, it was shown that recombinant human GSTs, in particular GSTP1, significantly contributed to the inactivation of AQ-derived QIs by catalyzing GSH-conjugation (Zhang et al., 2017a) ( Figure 1 )