NICE guidance on type 2 diabetes management (NG28) supports an individualised approach to minimising hypoglycaemia risk, including reviewing medication regimens when clinically significant changes in diet, weight, or glycaemic control occur
In contrast, during fasting periods of 2 to 12 hours, blood glucose level depletion is prevented by the action of glucagon secreted by the pancreatic alpha cell population
By activating specific neuronal and glial signalling pathways, GLP1RAs are shown to restore mitochondrial function, increase neuronal resilience, and crucially, modulate adverse glial cell responsesinhibiting the release of major proinflammatory cytokines and significantly reducing cellular oxidative stress within the central nervous system
Additionally, thyroid follicular progenitor stem cells, with their intrinsic capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into thyroid follicular cells, serve as the cornerstone of regenerative medicine in replenishing damaged or depleted thyroid tissue
